What it does
May offer antioxidant support and contribute to radiance and an even appearance.
Used in oil-based formulas or emulsions; it is not directly comparable to ascorbic acid or water-soluble derivatives.
May offer antioxidant support and contribute to radiance and an even appearance.
Skin that prefers emollient textures or does not tolerate very acidic formulas.
Vitamin E, squalane and SPF.
Do not convert the derivative's percentage into an equivalent percentage of pure vitamin C.
Morning or evening.
The percentage cannot be inferred from INCI order. WAI LAB shows it only when stated by a verifiable source.
In the European Union, ingredients above 1% are listed in descending order by weight; below 1%, they may appear in any order. Their position therefore cannot be used to calculate an exact percentage.
Its position helps you understand the formula, but does not on its own establish effectiveness or an exact percentage.
WAI LAB distinguishes cosmetic function, regulatory context and scientific literature. This information is not a substitute for medical advice.
81 catalogue products list a recognised form of this ingredient in their INCI.
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