What it does
Requires one fewer conversion step than retinol, but effectiveness and tolerance still depend on the formula.
A vitamin A derivative used in evening treatments for texture, lines and blemishes.
Requires one fewer conversion step than retinol, but effectiveness and tolerance still depend on the formula.
Users with an established routine who are willing to introduce it gradually.
Ceramides, panthenol, squalane and SPF 50.
The same general precautions as for retinoids: possible irritation, evening use, sun protection and caution during pregnancy or when planning pregnancy.
Evening, gradually increasing frequency.
The percentage cannot be inferred from INCI order. WAI LAB shows it only when stated by a verifiable source.
In the European Union, ingredients above 1% are listed in descending order by weight; below 1%, they may appear in any order. Their position therefore cannot be used to calculate an exact percentage.
Its position helps you understand the formula, but does not on its own establish effectiveness or an exact percentage.
WAI LAB distinguishes cosmetic function, regulatory context and scientific literature. This information is not a substitute for medical advice.
14 catalogue products list a recognised form of this ingredient in their INCI.