What it does
May contribute to the formula's antioxidant network.
An ingredient used to counter oxidative stress in preventive and anti-ageing formulas.
May contribute to the formula's antioxidant network.
Skin seeking prevention and antioxidant support.
Vitamin E, ferulic acid and SPF.
Stability, concentration and formulation are crucial; topical evidence is less extensive than for some established actives.
Morning or evening.
The percentage cannot be inferred from INCI order. WAI LAB shows it only when stated by a verifiable source.
In the European Union, ingredients above 1% are listed in descending order by weight; below 1%, they may appear in any order. Their position therefore cannot be used to calculate an exact percentage.
Its position helps you understand the formula, but does not on its own establish effectiveness or an exact percentage.
WAI LAB distinguishes cosmetic function, regulatory context and scientific literature. This information is not a substitute for medical advice.
21 catalogue products list a recognised form of this ingredient in their INCI.
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