What it does
May contribute to the overall stability and antioxidant capacity of the formula.
Often used to complement antioxidant systems, particularly alongside vitamins C and E.
May contribute to the overall stability and antioxidant capacity of the formula.
Preventive and radiance-focused routines.
Vitamin C, vitamin E and SPF.
The benefit depends on the formula and does not make sun protection unnecessary.
Often in the morning.
The percentage cannot be inferred from INCI order. WAI LAB shows it only when stated by a verifiable source.
In the European Union, ingredients above 1% are listed in descending order by weight; below 1%, they may appear in any order. Their position therefore cannot be used to calculate an exact percentage.
Its position helps you understand the formula, but does not on its own establish effectiveness or an exact percentage.
WAI LAB distinguishes cosmetic function, regulatory context and scientific literature. This information is not a substitute for medical advice.
17 catalogue products list a recognised form of this ingredient in their INCI.